B. F. Skinner Essay - 1073 Words

B. F. Skinner Burris Frederic Skinner was born on March 20th, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His mother, Grace M. Burrhus, was a stenographer and a secretary, in a law office and later in a railroad chief executives office. His father, William A. Skinner, was an attorney, who studied law with another local attorney at a New York Law School. Skinners parents were both good students. His father had bought several sets of books, so there was a lot of reading material their children. Skinner said that his parents never used physical punishment, except for the time they washed his mouth out with soap for bad language. (Ulrich, 1997) B. F. Skinner was very adventurous child. He lead a 300 mile canoe trip down the Susquehanna River when†¦show more content†¦This means that basically- you do something to get a reward. Like Watson, Skinner denied that feelings play any part in determining behavior. Instead, he claimed that the drive to be rewarded determines our behavior. (Demar, 1996) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some critics feel that operant conditioning was a dangerous technique because Skinner was controlling people and could have manipulated them. In reply to their criticism, Skinner argued that control is not wrong. Control is very important and sometimes unavoidable in education, government, and therapy. (Bijou, 1994) What Skinner objects to is the fact that control is usually used in negative ways which include the use of threat, punishment or to use other people. Skinner argues that because of this, people are against control, because the people in control use their power it in a negative way. For instance, In the family, a child is controlled by the fear of punishment from his parents. In school, the students are placed in a threatening environment in which they can escape only by learning. Our government controls us through laws, rules, and regulations. Skinner claims that what is needed is not less control but better control. Better control could be used if society had adopted his psychological theories. If this where to happen there would be better ways of teaching, better working conditions, and a better system ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on B. F. Skinner802 Words   |  4 PagesB. F. Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner, psychologist and behaviorist, was born in Susquhanna, Pennsylvania in 1904 to William Skinner and Grace Burrhus. His father was a lawywer and his mother was a naturally bright woman. Skinner had only one sibling; his brother died at the age of sixteen. Skinner lived most of his life in Susquhanna. He did not leave the house he was born in until he left to go to college. He was raised very close to his grandparents, who had a major impact on his early lifeRead More B. F. Skinner Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesB.F. Skinner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psychology. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. Skinner was a very straightforward man and a very educated man. His theories have helped mankind in many ways. He has studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. Skinner was a well-published writer. His work has been published in many journals. He also has written many books on behaviorism. His most important work was theRead MoreOperant Conditioning by B. F Skinner1580 Words   |  7 Pagesrealizing it, and most of the time, they don’t know why they do them. Certain reinforcements, some positive, and some negative have conditioned their actions and thoughts. In this essay, I chose Burrhus Frederic Skinner who came up with the theory of operant conditioning. B. F. skinner,(March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) is an American psychologist who believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mentalRead MoreIvan Pavlov, John Watson, And B. F. Skinner1272 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional, and environmental influences as playing roles in how we understand the world. With the rise of learning theories, three main theorists stood out, whose works are still in effect today. These theorists were Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner. The theories created by each of these psychologists are still in effect to this day, and laid the groundwork for modern learning theories. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist born in the 1800’s. He was mainly influenced by the ideas of PisarevRead MoreThe Theory Of Behavioral Learning Theory901 Words   |  4 PagesB. F. Skinner is one of the top psychologist who invented the radical behaviorism and critical psychiatry. B. F. Skinner believed that behavior is maintained from one condition to another through similar or same consequences across situations. Skinner believed that actions followed by a positive effect tend to be repeated, while actions followed by negative effect were not. I believe the behaviorist theory states that individuals develop certain behavior traits based off of their reaction to certainRead MoreCarl Rogers Vs. F. Skinner : Which Perspective Is The Most Important?1419 Words   |  6 Pages Carl Rogers vs B. F. Skinner – Which Perspective is the Most Important? A long-debated argument in the field of Psychology has been which theory or explanation of human behavior is the most important and the most viable. Is B. F. Skinner’s theory that behavior is the result of man’s response to external stimuli or is Carl Rogers’ theory that man’s behavior is the result of his determination to achieve self-actualization the best explanation? After much research and thought, I will argue in favorRead MorePsychology Should Be About Behavior And Not About An Inner Force994 Words   |  4 Pages B.F. Skinner was a psychologist that seemed to go against what many other psychologists thought about personality. He did not believe in personality. In a way, Skinner has a point about personality not existing because we do change our behavior based on the environment we are in. (Olson Hergenhahn, 2011.) Since there is no proof of a personality, I believe that psychology should be about behavior and not about an inner force. I do not believe a person is consistent across time because if theyRead MoreUnderstanding the Psychologist Called Burrhus Frederick Skinner1190 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 4 Valerie Rountree Walden University Management in Human and Social Development - MGMT 8010 June 28, 2014 Understanding Burrhus Frederic Skinner B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A radical behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning, the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or unlikely that the behavior will be repeated again, (NNDB, 2014)Read MoreEssay Burrhus Frederic Skinner1132 Words   |  5 PagesBurrhus Frederic Skinner People do on a day to day basis, many actions without realizing it, and most of the time, they don’t know why they do them. Certain reinforcements, some positive, and some negative have conditioned their actions and thoughts. All organisms, including humans, are greatly influenced by the consequences produced by their own behavior. The environment holds the key to most of the changes that occur in the way a person behaves and a human’s own behavior brings consequencesRead MoreBiography of Burrhus Frederic Skinner Essays1329 Words   |  6 PagesBurrhus Frederic Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born in a small town called Susquehanna, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1904. His dad was a lawyer and his mom was a house wife. Skinner was the typical boy, he enjoyed playing outside and to build things. He created many inventions as a kid. He and a friend made a cabin in the woods and Skinner created a cart with backwards steering. When working for a shoe store he thought of and invention that helped the broom pick up dust. Skinner also invented

Analysis Of Blue Hills Of Massachusetts By Katherine...

Literature is something that has been around the world for decades. For hundreds of years, the human have written different types of literature. Regional literature is one of these. Regional literature is also known as local color or Regionalism. It is focused in poetry and fiction which have â€Å"characters, dialect, customs, topography, and other features† of a specific region (Regionalism and Local Color Bibliography). For example, in Katherine E. Mullen of Barre poem â€Å"Blue Hills of Massachusetts†, she qwrites about Massachusetts and focused her poem on it. New England coastline, Landscape and cities is reflected in the work of many literature works. New England is a symbol of The United States Culture. New England is one of the oldest settlement of the United States. New England’s history is pretty vast since it has been there for hundreds of years. The first people who were sent to New England were a group of puritans. Later on, a big company known as Massachusetts Bay Company decided to send more puritans to New England. These puritans were later known as pilgrims (The 13 Colonies). In addition, New England’s has contributed to The U.S culture. One of the most known contribution is the Thanksgiving. The first thanksgiving was celebrated in Massachusetts, one of New England’s colonies (First Thanksgiving). Moreover, New England is the Birthplace of many historical figures like Benjamin Franklin. New England is a very unique region. New England is the place that people

Greek Art Free Essays

Ancient Greek Art: Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic By: Catherine Marten CLA3114 sect. 02D3 Spring 2013 Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, usually through visual forms. Art in ancient Greece went through a variety of changes throughout its history, especially from the Archaic to the Hellenistic periods. We will write a custom essay sample on Greek Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now These changes are mainly due to the different views in Greek society that developed throughout these periods. The art of the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic eras in ancient Greece are examples of how the philosophical views of the ancient Greeks changed and developed from 600-31 BCE and are still influencing views on art today. The art of ancient Greece during the Archaic era (600-480 BCE) made a shift from the earlier geometric forms of patterns and shapes to a more realistic form with large human sculptures being the focus. Many of the sculptures of this era seem to reflect an Egyptian influence from the East. The Archaic style of sculpture was stiff and blocky like that of the Egyptians’ sculptures. The two most prominent types of sculptures of this time were the male â€Å"kouros†, or standing youth, and the female â€Å"kore†, or standing draped maiden1. These large limestone statues were usually made as dedications to the gods or as grave markers. They could be found at funeral monuments outside of the city walls. Among the earliest examples of the type, the kouros in the Metropolitan Museum reveals Egyptian influence in both its pose and proportions2. The statues of the Archaic period were not always made to depict specific individuals. Instead, they exemplified the ancient Greek’s new view of beauty and perfection. They were always statues of young men and women that ranged in age between adolescence and maturity. The male statues were usually not clothed and the female statues were clothed. This was most likely because the Greeks did not approve of female nudity in public. Another art form that emerged in the Archaic era was that of red figure pottery. It was invented in Athens around 530 BCE3. This style of pottery was characterized by red figures on a black background, where the figures were created in the original red of the clay. This allowed for more details to be seen in the pottery than with the earlier black figure technique because lines could be drawn onto the figures rather than being scraped out. The firing process of both red and black figure pottery was the same. It consisted of three stages. The first stage was called the oxidizing stage where air was allowed into the furnace. This resulted in the whole vase turning the color of the clay. In the second stage, green wood was introduced into the chamber and the oxygen supply was reduced. This caused the object to turn black in the smoky surroundings. In the third stage, air was reintroduced into the furnace which resulted in certain portions turning back to red while the glossed areas remained black. The red figure technique gradually replaced the black figure technique as innovators recognized the possibilities that came with drawing forms4. Again, the images looked more realistic than previous art forms because of the more natural look of anatomy and garments. Painted vases were often made into different shapes for specific uses. A vase used for storing and transporting wine and food was called an â€Å"amphora†. A vase used for drawing water was called a â€Å"hydria†, and one used for drinking wine or water was called a â€Å"kantharos† or â€Å"kylix†4. The subject matter of red figure vases varied greatly from portraits of the gods and heroes, to depictions of every day Athenian life5. This, in turn, led to result in an archaeological record of historical, social, and mythological information of ancient Greece. The pictorial decorations provide insights into many aspects of Greek life and complement some of the literary texts and inscriptions from the Archaic and, especially, Classical eras6. The Classical era (480-323 BCE) showed more advancements in the art of sculpture. The main subjects of Classical sculpture were young and athletic men with a heavy emphasis on the details of the human body. Unlike the stiff and upright sculptures of the Archaic style, Classical sculptures were more naturalistic and oriented in positions that suggested movement. The fluidity of the sculptures reflected the freedom of movement and expression that was associated with an introduction of democracy7. The aim of the Classical style was perfection. This resulted in many of the faces of the statues looking the same which made it difficult to identify who the statue depicted at times. However, the subjects of the sculptures in the Classical era were specific people or gods, rather than just a generic young man or woman like in the Archaic era. The sculpture style of the Classical period started using marble and bronze to make the statues. Bronze, valued for its strength and beauty, became the preferred medium for freestanding sculptures. However, many of the original statues seem to have disappeared in history. This is most likely because they were found to be of great value. These famous statues are known of through ancient literature and Roman copies later made. Greek artists of the Classical era attained a manner of representation that conveys a vitality of life as well as a sense of permanence, clarity, and harmony8. Polykleitos of Argos was particularly famous for formulating a system of proportions that achieved this artistic effect and allowed others to reproduce it. The Classical period also saw the start of sculptors becoming well known for their works. One sculptor named Phidias created a statue of the goddess Athena made of ivory and gold which was housed inside the Parthenon in Athens. It was later stolen and no longer exists today. He is also well known for overseeing the design and building of the famous Parthenon which is an artwork in itself. Another sculpture that Phidias is famous for is the Statue of Zeus in the Temple of Zeus found in Olympia. It, too, was made of ivory and gold and was eventually lost just like the statue of Athena. Another sculptor named Praxiteles was an Athenian who became famous for creating the nude Aphrodite of Knidos. This statue was one of the first statues showing a woman nude rather than draped in cloth. Its slender proportions and distinctive contrapposto stance became hallmarks of fourth century B. C. Greek sculpture8. The Hellenistic era (323-31 BCE) followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, and Greek culture started to spread more east to as far as India. During this period, Greek sculpture became even more naturalistic than in the Classical era. Young men and women were no longer the only subjects of sculpture. Instead, common people, children, elderly, and animals were subjects. There were even representations of unorthodox subjects, such as grotesques9. Sculptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as having ideal beauty or being perfect. Instead, heavy emotion and movement were the focus. Pain and fear were shown on the faces of figures and battle scenes were even carved into relief sculptures for temples. Sculpture eventually became somewhat of an industry during this era which resulted in some lowering of quality10. Because of this, many statues from the Hellenistic period are still around today unlike those of the Classical period. The Hellenistic period saw the decline of the painting of vases. Red figure painting died out and was replaced by what is known as West Slope ware. This style consisted of painting in a tan colored slip and white paint on a fired black slip background with some simpler detailing. The most common vases are black and uniform with a shiny appearance like that of varnish and decorated with simple motifs of flowers. The Hellenistic period is also the period when vases in relief appeared. Relief is a mode of sculpture where raised forms and figures projecting detail or ornament are distinguished from a surrounding plane surface. Many times wreaths in relief were applied to the body of vases. There were also more complex reliefs based on animals or mythological creatures. There also appeared to be a shift in the tradition of painting. Artists started to seek a greater variety of tints than in the past. However, these newer colors were more delicate and did not support heat. The painting occurred therefore after firing, in contrast to the traditional practice. The fragility of the pigments prevented frequent use of these vases. This resulted in them being reserved for use in funerals. The conventional end of the Hellenistic period is 31 BCE, the date of the battle of Actium. Octavian, who later became the emperor Augustus, defeated Marc Antony’s fleet and, consequently, ended Ptolemaic rule9. The Ptolemies were the last Hellenistic dynasty to fall to Rome. Interest in Greek art and culture remained strong during the Roman Imperial period, and especially so during the reigns of the emperors Augustus and Hadrian. For centuries, Roman artists continued to make works of art in the Hellenistic tradition. Bibliography 1. Boardman, John. Greek Sculpture, The Archaic Period. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1978. 2. Department of Greek and Roman Art. â€Å"Greek Art in the Archaic Period†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/argk/hd_argk. htm (February 2013) 3. Boardman, John. The History of Greek Vases. Thames Hudson, 2006. 4. Department of Greek and Roman Art. â€Å"Athenian Vase Painting: Black- and Red-Figure Techniques†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. etmuseum. org/toah/hd/vase/hd_vase. htm (February 2013) 5. Carpenter, Thomas H. Art and Myth in Ancient Greece. Thames Hudson, 1991. 6. Norris, Michael. Greek Art from Prehistoric to Classical: A Resource for Educators. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. 7. Pollitt, Jerome J. Art and Experience in Classical Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. 8. Hemingway, Colet te, and Sean Hemingway. â€Å"The Art of Classical Greece (ca. 480–323 B. C. )†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. metmuseum. rg/toah/hd/tacg/hd_tacg. htm (February 2013) 9. Hemingway, Colette, and Sean Hemingway. â€Å"Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/haht/hd_haht. htm (February 2013) 10. Hemingway, Colette, and Sean Hemingway. â€Å"Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art†. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/angk/hd_angk. htm (February 2013) How to cite Greek Art, Papers

Analytical Report Decision Support System

Question: Describe the purpose of the Decision Support System? Answer: Introduction The analytical report is describing the purpose of the Decision Support System (DSS). The Decision Support System is used to analyse sales trends for the business to determine the future actions for the business. If we work with the Decision Support System, the data can be easily displayed in the report format. And the mark up charges, freight charges, purchase expenses can be easily defined in the excel sheet. That is very necessary for analysing the future grown of the business. Many companies are doing main focus on freight charges today, so it can be easily notified by the Decision Support System. Decision Support System The Decision Support System (DSS) is a knowledge based system that supports the decision making activities of the business. It helps in making the decisions for the future growth of the business. It serves all the operations and planning of any business or organization. Decision Support System helps managers to solve their work and jobs. There are two types of Decision Support Systems- Programming Decision Support System Non Programming Decision Support System There are following components which make the Decision Support System- Database Management System Model Management System Support Tools There are many factors which should be considered before choosing the Decision Support System (DSS). Some of them are following- Cost Reliability Support Scalability Security Flexibility Cost The cost of the Decision Support System should be main factor before choosing the Decision Support System. MS Excel is the best choice in the Decision Support System. It is free piece of software. Anyone can download, install and run the Microsoft Office without paying any thing for the software and license fee and can access MS Access, but if any small or medium organization wants to use Microsoft Office and wants the support of Microsoft Office, then the organization has to pay some amount and it would be very small amount like few hundred dollars a year. Scalability Scalability is the most important factor before choosing the Decision Support System. The Decision Support System should be able to grow with our needs. The Decision Support System should be capable to support large number of courses and modules. In starting the organization can use the Decision Support System on a very small scale but later if the organization wants to grow the Decision Support System according to its needs, the Decision Support System should be capable to grow with the demand of organization. Support Support is also the most important and very crucial factor to choose the Decision Support System for any organization. If the organization can install the Decision Support System on its own then its good but if the organization wants the good technical team for support, then its very necessary that the Decision Support System team should supply the good support. Sometimes the user needs the help but there is no technical team to support, so the support should be very good and should be checked by the company before choosing the Decision Support System. It is the best option for the Dr George Martinis existing project. There are many fields in different worksheets which affects the other worksheets. And it can be easily seen, analysed and maintained by the Decision Support System e.g. the changes in the mark up type affects the cost price. So in Decision Support System, the changes in the data of the recommended fields and the resultant fields can be easily compared. And it is the best feature of the Decision Support System. The markup analysis is very essential for the pricing of products in any business. To set the prices of products, it is very crucial to set the proper mark ups that are currently used in the market. In our project there are mark ups standard Store and Suppliers. Store is the best appropriate markup for our business because the business is small and in the growing condition at this time. (About.com 2013) Markup is the amount that is added to the cost price of the product to get the selling price. The selling price depends upon the percentage of the markup that is defined by the business owner. That is why the customers choice depends upon the markup indirectly because the customers choice depends upon the quality and price of the product. (About.com 2013) Most Appropriate Freight The Hammer Freight type is the most appropriate for our business because it is the cheapest freight now a day. The Hammer Freight is expanding rapidly because of its low cost airlines. It establishes the new routes also to save the money. That is why the Hammer Freight type is the best for the business. (Airport News 2010) If the cost is transferred to the business instead of the customer, it will lead the business in the low exposure. It is not good for the future prospective to transfer the cost to the business instead of the customer. There should be balance between them of some percentage. Most Appropriate Country for the Business to Import Mexico is the most appropriate for the business to import from now a day because Mexico is increasingly growing its business market and the Mexico is doing very many efforts in the partnership with other countries. Important Factors for Import The following factors are very important while import in the business Shipping Charges Product Cost Freight Charges Personnel Relationship All the above factors do heavily impact on the business. That is why all these are very important before choosing the country for import. Conclusion In this way, the Decision Support System (DSS) is the best knowledge system that is most important for the future growth of the business. It helps in finding the freight charges, mark up types etc. it helps in setting the product pricing. References [1] Airport News 2010, EU-US Security agreement allows cheaper and faster air cargo operations, Viewed on 29 Jan 2015 https://airport-shuttle-services.blogspot.in/2012/06/eu-us-security-agreement-allows-cheaper.html [2] About.com 2013, General Retail Business Issues/ Markup and Suppliers, Viewed on 29 Jan 2015 https://en.allexperts.com/q/General-Retail-Business-2223/2012/2/markup-suppliers.htm

The Difficulties in Exploiting Sea Floor Massive Sulfide Deposits

The discovery of underground mineral deposits is always seen as an opportunity for economic emancipation. However, the difficulties involved in exploring the minerals have been the greatest obstacles to the full exploration of sea floor mineral deposits such as sulphide.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Difficulties in Exploiting Sea Floor Massive Sulfide Deposits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first challenge is in locating an active ridge spreading area. The location of an active hydrothermal activity is a very taunting task requiring the use of high resolution multi-beam sonar and a comprehensive mapping of the seafloor requiring the use of magnetic field sensors. The possibility of encountering corrosive acidic fluids from vents is another great challenge experienced by seafloor miners. The situation becomes worse when the mining team does not have chemical and temperature sensors. The process of loc ating hydrothermal vents with sulfide deposits requires extensive underwater surveys with concrete photographic data. Although many sulfide deposits have been discovered in international waters, the mineral has not been fully exploited because of the high cost involved in mining seafloor mineral deposits. The process of locating, characterization and final extraction is still very costly compared to land-based mining. There are very few mining companies all over the world with the high resolution equipment for mining underground mineral deposits such as sulfide. There are a lot of risks involved in exploring deep sea sulfide deposits that are beyond the Exclusive Economic Zones. The financial risk is relatively high considering the fact that the economic prospects of deep sea mining in those zones are unpredictable. The regulatory environment is the other issue of concern in deep sea mining of sulfide. There are no special regulations to govern deep sea mining in both international and territorial waters. For comprehensive exploration of deep sea sulfide deposits, in is necessary for regulations governing research, and all exploration activities to be put in place. Currently there are no regulatory codes for deep sea mining. The International Seabed Authority has voluntary codes that are yet to be fully enforced. Countries with deep sea mineral deposits have to come up with the necessary regulations to facilitate the exploration of deep sea minerals like sulfide. Environmentalists have always been against deep sea mining by claiming that deep sea mining is a serious threat to the marine environment.Advertising Looking for essay on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The International Seabed Authority has been at the forefront in regulating deep sea mining to protect the marine environment from the adverse effects of deep sea mining. A comprehensive environmental impact assessment is needed before an y deep sea mining activities begin. The potential impact of sulfide exploration to marine life and the possible models of transporting dissolved minerals need to be determined before the exploration of sulfide deposits. The cost and benefits of seabed mining have not been seriously explored in recent times due to the economic hardships experienced in recent times. Many mining companies have come up with new technologies to fully explore deep sea mining but this has been possible due to the many hardships involved in getting operation permits. This essay on The Difficulties in Exploiting Sea Floor Massive Sulfide Deposits was written and submitted by user Kristopher Boone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Palestine and Statehood

Palestine and Statehood Introduction The incessant conflicts between Israeli and Palestine have been the major cause of tensions found in the Middle East as well as those between the Islamic world and the west. It is imperative to note that these conflicts have significant implications on Palestinians who have continued to occupy the British Mandatory Palestine territory since 1948.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Palestine and Statehood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goodman (2011) points out that based on the Law of Return of 1950, the Jews wishing to pay visit to Israel have enjoyed the right of migration while Palestinians who are considered to be refugees, have been forced to forego their right and hope of migration and final settlement. As this paper analyses, significant legal violations by systems influenced by the American and British precedents including crimes of passion as well as hate crimes have considerably impacte d on Palestinians and overtly led to the manifestations of their statelessness today. As this paper examines from the article entitled Do the Palestinians really want a state? by Kaplan (2009), it is evident that Palestinians may not necessarily be in dire need of a state since they are seemingly stronger without it. The article â€Å"Do the Palestinians really want a state?† The article â€Å"Do the Palestinians really want a state?† by Robert Kaplan (2009) explores the issues surrounding the statelessness of Palestine and seeks to uncover reasons why for many years, it has failed to become a state. Kaplan points out that the conflicts between Palestine and Israel have raised massive concerns from political analysts who have been keen on finding out why a mutual agreement for peace has always been elusive since it has never been reached. On the same note, Goodman (2011) argues that the injustices on Palestine due to foreign policies have been contributing factors to i ts statelessness today. Indeed, it is imperative to highlight that radicalism and violence in the Middle East, with particular interest in Palestine, can be attributed to the US policies some of which have weakened its position in the Middle East today.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kaplan (2009) concurs with Goodman’s arguments and points out that over the years; a lot of efforts by organizations of goodwill such as the United Nations (UN) have been thwarted by powerful nations whose influence and policies have shaped the events taking place in Palestine today. While Israeli intransigence and obduracy as observed in its illegal settlements in territories that are occupied by Palestine are blamed for the statelessness of Palestine, it is vital to note that the United States of America (US) has played more profound political, social and economi cal roles in shaping the events in this Middle East nation. Origin of Palestinian statelessness, political, social and economic factors Many analysts have blamed the United Nation, an agency chosen by Britain, the Soviet Union and the US, for playing a major role in putting Palestine to the situation it is today. In agreement, Goodman (2011) points out that in 1947, the UN gave the still expanding, borderless and nascent state of Israel international legitimacy, and postulated an abstract state for Palestinians in addition to denying them a place for settlement. As true as this may be, it is important to understand that the power possessed by UN is derivative, and as such whatever actions it takes is controlled by those powers which created it, and that can suspend, impose, withdraw, grant and limit its freedom of operation. It is on this front that it is unfair to blame the state of Palestine on the same powers that triumphed in the Second World War, and continues assuring the worl d of peace through the United Nations. Of paramount authority among them is the United States. Indeed, the western world has been frequently criticized over its involvement especially in the political crisis facing Palestine. That notwithstanding, it may still be prudent to succinctly explore both sides of the debate regarding Palestine long standing political crisis. Johannsen (2011) posits that on most political issues, and most of the time, the UN has been influenced by the US via coercion or otherwise to reject, assume or take a position, as well as to pressure a country within the UN agency, Security Council or the General Assembly to vote in a particular way.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Palestine and Statehood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such influences have been witnessed by the US using new arms deal to bribe Columbia, giving China diplomatic rehabilitation after the Tiananmen Square horror s, and withdrawing of its foreign aid to the impoverished Yemen as punishment for the rejection of US demands. Washington too engages the UN forcefully or otherwise to implement initiatives orchestrated by the US which works most of the time, thus giving the US its way. The UN has endeavored to have Palestine gain its freedom and settlement, efforts that have been downplayed by the US, and which Johannsen points out to be the strongest reasons why Palestine should remain the way it is. In relation to the above reality, it is important to note that over the years, unenforced resolutions, some of which the Security Council has demonstrated an outright refusal to veto have seen the UN kept out of the negotiating table on matters related to the Middle East diplomacy. Today, US’s economic, ideological and political support for Israel is growing rapidly posing a difficulty in ending the continuous military occupation of Palestine by Israel. Johannsen (2011) argues that this has led to tremendous human right violations and denial of national rights to Palestinians. Efforts to change the situation have been made impossible due to political reasons and foreign policies. Abushammala (2011) argues that the presence of the US has further complicated the efforts of forging full consensus on issues related to Palestine as nations that would want to go against its initiatives are likely attract serious sanctions and universal opprobrium. Efforts by the Palestinians to form a state have been made futile by foreign policies making it develop capabilities of achieving its objectives without having to be a state. Why Palestine is stronger without actually being a state There has been many calls by political analysts for Palestine to come of its stateless and develop itself into a strong and sovereign state governed by its own laws. Proponents of the calls argue that the time for Palestine to be a state is long overdue, and that it is about time it was able to represent it s people. As strong as the analysts may sound, they fail to note that forming a state would mean getting into an agreement with Israel. This would also relieve the Palestinians of several years of political strife that they have gone through. Arguably, this may not be possible as it requires political forgiveness whereby Palestine will have to forgive Israel for the many deaths, dispossessions and dismemberment of Palestinians during Israeli military actions.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kaplan (2009) points out that Palestine can remain stateless and still exist and grow strong by arguing that many groups today have achieved virtual unity, developed aspirations, set objectives and achieved them without having to work under an umbrella or a state. Of significant example is Palestine which has been able to grow and develop its population of over 10 million people and its economy despite myriad of problems surrounding it. It has been able to achieve this since it faces no potential threat to political pressures or areas to be targeted or damaged that states have. Besides, it has been able to strongly retaliate when attacked by Israel and escaped blame from the international community. As a matter of fact, statelessness gives it an advantage of defending its people without having to face sanctions and laws from the international community against it (Marrouchi, 2011). Conclusion To recap it all, it is largely agreeable that due to poor relationship between Israel and P alestine, the latter has for a long time now remained stateless. The arguments presented in this essay have strongly indicated that foreign policies and the United States’ support for Israel poses a problem to the realization of statehood in Palestine. As such, Palestinians should stay stateless and devise better strategies of survival. The paper has concluded by reiterating that Palestine stands a better chance of developing without actually being a state bearing in mind that this position is apparently powerful and puts Palestine in a vantage socio-political and economic position against its foes. Reference list Abushammala, S. (2011). Testing the Weak Form Efficiency of Palestine Exchange. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(6), 244-253. Goodman, G. (2011). Palestines best: The Jewish agencys press relations, 1946- 1947. Israel Studies, 16(3), 1-91. Johannsen, M. (2011). A balance of fear: asymmetric threats and tit-for-tat strategies in Gaza. Journal of Pale stine Studies, 41(1), 45-56. Kaplan, R. (2009). Do the Palestinians really want a state? Web. Marrouchi, M. (2011). Cry no more for me, Palestine-Mahmoud Darwish. College Literature, 38(4), 1-4.

Jewish Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Jewish - Research Paper Example This started with the people who occupied the area that was between the Nile, the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers. The land of Cannan, which was later called as Isreal was surrounded by ancient seats of cultural manifestations within Egypt and Babylonia as well as the deserts of Arabia. It was also encircles by the highlands that came from the Asia Minor. This indeed was an area that saw a number of civilizations coming to the fore of each other. This area was negotiated by the age-old trade links and thus comprised of the significant harbors on the Gulf of Akaba as well as on the Mediterranean coast where it exposed towards the influential patterns of a number of other cultures, most of which hailed from the Fertile Crescent. This paper takes a keen look at the Jewish historical basis and studies in-depth the different representations of culture, arts and politics within the world of Judaism. Conventionally it has been seen that the Jews all over the world have claimed that their descent has been mostly lying within the ancient Israelites, the ones who settled within the initial land of Israel. It is for this manner that the Israelites have long and hard traced their shared lineage with Abraham who was the biblical patriarch through Isaac and Jacob, both of whom were Hebrews and essentially the descendants of Eber. On the same token, the Jewish beliefs hold fast on to the claim that the Israelites were indeed the descendants of Jacob's 12 sons, one of whom was Judah who initially settled within Egypt. It was within Egypt that their descendants were put to slavery by the Egyptian pharaoh, who was often known by the name of Ramses II. When one studies the ancient conventional basis of the Jews, there is evidence in the fact that the Jewish Israelites left their country, Egypt being their own to Canaan which was essentially led by their prophet Moses. What this event did wa s to mark the very basis of formation of the Israelites as a nation, which was later divided into twelve different tribes, all of whom are kept after Jacob's sons. Jewish tradition as well as the Bible, the time from Genesis towards the Malachi has told that the Israelites moved about in a freely roaming fashion within the deserts for more than four decades after which they were able to conquer Canaan under the aegis of Joshua, thus dividing the very land amongst the twelve varied tribes. There was a period of time within the Jewish history when the twelve different tribes were led by a series of judges who were essentially the rulers themselves. After this period had passed, an Israelite monarchy was instituted upon within the land under the aegis of Saul as he continued to work under King David and Solomon, the latter being his son. Since King David was the ruler of the time, he made his mark by conquering Jerusalem, where his mode of attack included capturing a Canaanite and late r on a Jebusite town, where he made the same as the capital. King David's son was proactive in his approach as he constructed the First Temple within Jerusalem. Later on, Solomon's period in office was further divided into a couple of kingdoms - Israel which consisted of ten different tribes within the north, and Judah that entailed of those tribes within Judah and Benjamin, both of which lied in the south. Assyrian ruler Shalmaneser V captured Israel in the 8th century BCE. Unfortunately there is no evidence in the f